Find out what physics says about solar power
Find out what physics says about solar power
Global warming is one of the most talked about issues of the day. As the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, the average temperature in the world can rise by several degrees Celsius. The leaders of all the countries of the world met in Paris on the 21st to reach a consensus on keeping the earth's temperature below 2 degrees Celsius. This greenhouse gas, the largest amount of CO2, is produced by using fossil fuels to produce energy. The only way to prevent this is to use renewable energy. And the biggest source of this renewable energy is the sun.
The utility is the conversion of electricity into electricity. Electric cells that convert solar energy into electricity are called solar cells or solar cells or photovoltaic cells. The way in which electricity is generated from sunlight is called the photovoltaic effect. Edmund Backerel first discovered it in the 5th. About 3 years later - Oeligby Smith discovered in the sunlight that selenium could produce electricity without any heat or moving equipment, even if it was for a very short time. In 4 Charles Fritts was able to create a solar cell with a gold projection on selenium, which had a efficiency of less than 2%. After that, many of the devices were patented as solar cells, but all of them were thermal energy from sunlight, electricity from heat energy, called solar thermal technology. Russell Ohl patented the first photovoltaic cell. It was a silicon semiconductor based device. Since then, silicon and germanium have been used in the manufacture of basic solar cells. The Bell Laboratory of America manufactures the first used solar cell, which is used in basic aerospace technology and high quality technology. The first solar cell to be manufactured commercially was Western Electric in the 5th, although the market was not that high due to high prices.
How is electricity generated from sunlight? Or why only a few special metals or compounds generate electricity in this way? The answer lies in the electronic structure of any element or compound. We know that all kinds of elements can be basically divided into three parts: metal, metallurgy and non-metal. This category is based on how easily an electron in the orbit of a given element is taken to the first orbital orbital. When illumination falls on an object, the electron is energized by absorbing the light, causing it to move to a higher power. In the case of metals, the outer electron is much freer, which is called the electron of the whole metallic part, rather than an atom, because the nucleus's attraction to it is much less able to rotate freely. On the other hand, the difference between the external and the first apical level is much greater in the case of non-matter, and more energy is needed to move the electron to the supernatural level. The most interesting is the metaphor. Their electrons are not completely free like metal, but they do not need too much energy to get to the first aperture. It is the religion of Upadhatu that has made them the most important metal. It is for this reason that silicon is being used in the manufacture of solar cells.
To understand the fundamentals of solar cells, we must first understand the various stages of energy absorption and emission of electrons. All the steps can be expressed through an image, called the Jablonski diagram. The black lines in this figure mean the strongest, omnipotent layer S0, the first imperfect layer S1, and the second imperfect layer S2. As shown in this figure for example only two levels, there can be many more levels of high energy like this. From the S0 level, an electron absorbs energy and goes to a higher energy level (the green arrow in the figure), depending on which level of energy a photon absorbs. Because we know that light energy is in the form of a single packet of energy, called a photon. Each force has a number of subpopulations, which are shown by the solid black spots, called vibrational locations. Because the difference in their strength is that the vibration value is different. Excited electrons
The lower energy subsides through the energy emitted as vibration energy. In other words, the magnitude of this vibration is the heat energy of the object. This step is called internal conversion. This is interpreted by the black dotted arrow. When the electron arrives at the lowest substrate level of S1, a number of different mechanisms may occur, depending on the chemical, structural, and interaction of the material. One of these processes is the excited electron emitting energy to the lower state (S0), that energy is emitted as vibrational energy (as heat energy, the vibration of an object being the heat of that object) or light energy. When emitted as heat energy, it is called the non-radiative process, the non-radiative process, the orange dashed line in the image because no light is emitted in this process, only the temperature rises. On the other hand, the electron can emit light even at low power. The strength of the photon of a light depends on the difference between the energy of S1 and S0 (blue arrows). This process is called fluorescence. In addition to these two processes, the electron can move to a lower force in another activity. In this case the rotational direction of the excited electron is changed (called spin quantum number), then it moves to another force, called the triplet layer, because in this energy the spin or rotation direction of all electrons is the same. This step is called inter system crossing (in the figure - bold black arrow - bold arrow). At this triplet level (shown as T1) the energy is generally lower than the first high power (S1). After that, the electron goes downstream by emitting light energy from that energy level. This process of emitting light energy is called phosphorescence (indicated by the red arrow in the figure). Since the spin or rotation direction of an electron is changed in this process, it only takes place on certain objects, and this process takes longer. Our phone or TV screen or LED bulb works in two different ways.
Let's look at this whole process of absorbing and emitting electrons a little differently. When an electron goes to a higher power level, it means that some negative charge is moving somewhere. Then the electron is replaced by some negative charge, that is, the apparent positive charge is created. This apparent positive charge is called 'hole' in quantum chemistry. In contrast, the negative element is the electron. When the excited electron goes down to energy through the emission of heat or light energy, it is the combination of negatively charged electrons and positively charged 'hole', so this action is called electron hole recombination. If we can create an object where the attracting energy of the electrons and the hole is very low (we know that the positive and negative charges attract each other, this attraction force is briefly called the Coulomb Ball, because it can be calculated by the Coulomb formula). They can be torn apart before they are reconciled. If this process is to be sustained, then we will get positive and negative flows, that is, the flow of electrons, ie, electricity or electricity. This process is called the photovoltaic effect. Electric cells are created with this material, called solar cells.
Then, when the electron-nucleus attraction is very low, which can be separated, the potential difference will be made as the positive and negative charges are separated. If you can maintain this potential difference, there will be minimal power flow.
Although the process of making solar is much easier, maintaining a cyclone is much more challenging. We know that the flow of electrons is available only when there is a potential difference between the two points. The biggest obstacle to making a solar cell is to maintain this potential difference in a one-sided and continuous manner. Two metal collectors are added at the two ends to collect electrons (negative charge) and hole (positive charge) from the metal. This further reduces the voltage difference (Figure 2). The religion of electrons is that after absorbing energy and going to higher energies, it releases that energy as light energy or thermal energy and goes back to lower energy. The first condition for obtaining an excessive amount of electrons is to separate the excited electrons before they move to lower energies. The performance of a solar cell depends on many factors. It again depends on the composition of the element, the size of the calculus, the temperature, etc. The first commercially produced solar cell was silicon and its efficiency was between 2-5%. Despite the development of such technology, Australian scientists have made silicon solar cells of the highest efficiency, with an efficiency of 20%.
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How is electricity generated from sunlight? Or why only a few special metals or compounds generate electricity in this way? The answer lies in the electronic structure of any element or compound. We know that all kinds of elements can be basically divided into three parts: metal, metallurgy and non-metal. This category is based on how easily an electron in the orbit of a given element is taken to the first orbital orbital. When illumination falls on an object, the electron is energized by absorbing the light, causing it to move to a higher power. In the case of metals, the outer electron is much freer, which is called the electron of the whole metallic part, rather than an atom, because the nucleus's attraction to it is much less able to rotate freely. On the other hand, the difference between the external and the first apical level is much greater in the case of non-matter, and more energy is needed to move the electron to the supernatural level. The most interesting is the metaphor. Their electrons are not completely free like metal, but they do not need too much energy to get to the first aperture. It is the religion of Upadhatu that has made them the most important metal. It is for this reason that silicon is being used in the manufacture of solar cells.
To understand the fundamentals of solar cells, we must first understand the various stages of energy absorption and emission of electrons. All the steps can be expressed through an image, called the Jablonski diagram. The black lines in this figure mean the strongest, omnipotent layer S0, the first imperfect layer S1, and the second imperfect layer S2. As shown in this figure for example only two levels, there can be many more levels of high energy like this. From the S0 level, an electron absorbs energy and goes to a higher energy level (the green arrow in the figure), depending on which level of energy a photon absorbs. Because we know that light energy is in the form of a single packet of energy, called a photon. Each force has a number of subpopulations, which are shown by the solid black spots, called vibrational locations. Because the difference in their strength is that the vibration value is different. Excited electrons
The lower energy subsides through the energy emitted as vibration energy. In other words, the magnitude of this vibration is the heat energy of the object. This step is called internal conversion. This is interpreted by the black dotted arrow. When the electron arrives at the lowest substrate level of S1, a number of different mechanisms may occur, depending on the chemical, structural, and interaction of the material. One of these processes is the excited electron emitting energy to the lower state (S0), that energy is emitted as vibrational energy (as heat energy, the vibration of an object being the heat of that object) or light energy. When emitted as heat energy, it is called the non-radiative process, the non-radiative process, the orange dashed line in the image because no light is emitted in this process, only the temperature rises. On the other hand, the electron can emit light even at low power. The strength of the photon of a light depends on the difference between the energy of S1 and S0 (blue arrows). This process is called fluorescence. In addition to these two processes, the electron can move to a lower force in another activity. In this case the rotational direction of the excited electron is changed (called spin quantum number), then it moves to another force, called the triplet layer, because in this energy the spin or rotation direction of all electrons is the same. This step is called inter system crossing (in the figure - bold black arrow - bold arrow). At this triplet level (shown as T1) the energy is generally lower than the first high power (S1). After that, the electron goes downstream by emitting light energy from that energy level. This process of emitting light energy is called phosphorescence (indicated by the red arrow in the figure). Since the spin or rotation direction of an electron is changed in this process, it only takes place on certain objects, and this process takes longer. Our phone or TV screen or LED bulb works in two different ways.
Let's look at this whole process of absorbing and emitting electrons a little differently. When an electron goes to a higher power level, it means that some negative charge is moving somewhere. Then the electron is replaced by some negative charge, that is, the apparent positive charge is created. This apparent positive charge is called 'hole' in quantum chemistry. In contrast, the negative element is the electron. When the excited electron goes down to energy through the emission of heat or light energy, it is the combination of negatively charged electrons and positively charged 'hole', so this action is called electron hole recombination. If we can create an object where the attracting energy of the electrons and the hole is very low (we know that the positive and negative charges attract each other, this attraction force is briefly called the Coulomb Ball, because it can be calculated by the Coulomb formula). They can be torn apart before they are reconciled. If this process is to be sustained, then we will get positive and negative flows, that is, the flow of electrons, ie, electricity or electricity. This process is called the photovoltaic effect. Electric cells are created with this material, called solar cells.
Then, when the electron-nucleus attraction is very low, which can be separated, the potential difference will be made as the positive and negative charges are separated. If you can maintain this potential difference, there will be minimal power flow.
Although the process of making solar is much easier, maintaining a cyclone is much more challenging. We know that the flow of electrons is available only when there is a potential difference between the two points. The biggest obstacle to making a solar cell is to maintain this potential difference in a one-sided and continuous manner. Two metal collectors are added at the two ends to collect electrons (negative charge) and hole (positive charge) from the metal. This further reduces the voltage difference (Figure 2). The religion of electrons is that after absorbing energy and going to higher energies, it releases that energy as light energy or thermal energy and goes back to lower energy. The first condition for obtaining an excessive amount of electrons is to separate the excited electrons before they move to lower energies. The performance of a solar cell depends on many factors. It again depends on the composition of the element, the size of the calculus, the temperature, etc. The first commercially produced solar cell was silicon and its efficiency was between 2-5%. Despite the development of such technology, Australian scientists have made silicon solar cells of the highest efficiency, with an efficiency of 20%.
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